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Bengali exhibits diglossia, though some scholars have proposed triglossia or even n-glossia or heteroglossia between the written and spoken forms of the language. The standard literary form of Modern Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the west-central dialect spoken in Shantipur region of the Nadia district. The local Apabhraṃśa of the eastern subcontinent, Purbi Apabhraṃśa or Abahatta (lit. ’meaningless sounds’), eventually evolved into regional dialects, which in turn formed three groups, the Bengali–Assamese languages, the Bihari languages, and the Odia language. Bengali consonants form the core of the Bengali writing system. The Bengali alphabet (বাংলা বর্ণমালা) consists of 11 vowels and 39 consonants. After close contact with several indigenous Austroasiatic languages, and later the Delhi Sultanate, the Bengal Sultanate, and the Mughal Empire, whose court language was Persian, numerous Arabic, Persian, and Chaghatai words were absorbed into the lexicon.

Word order

Bengali has lots of tatsam words (words directly derived from Sanskrit) and in all these words, the original spelling has been preserved but the pronunciations have changed due to consonant mergers and sound shifts. The main reason for these numerous inconsistencies is that there have been lots of sound mergers in Bengali, but the script has failed to account for the sound shifts and consonant mergers in the language. Thus, same letters and graphemes can often have different pronunciations depending on their position in a word and different graphemes and letters often have the same pronunciation. Some consonant clusters have completely different pronunciation as compared to the constituent consonants.

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• Another kind of inconsistency is concerned with the incomplete coverage of phonological information in the script.
• Bengali makes use of postpositions, as opposed to the prepositions used in English and most European languages.
• Bengali is also spoken by the Bengali diasporas (Bangladeshi diaspora and Indian Bengalis) across Europe, North America, the Middle East and other regions.

The letter-forms also employ the concepts of letter-width and letter-height (the vertical space between the visible matra and an invisible baseline). For example, in মই moj “ladder” and in ইলিশ iliʃ “Hilsa fish”, the independent form of the vowel ই is used (cf. the dependent formি). In these consonant-vowel ligatures, the so-called “inherent” vowel ɔ is first expunged from the consonant before adding the vowel, but this intermediate expulsion of the inherent vowel is not indicated in any visual manner on the basic consonant sign ম mɔ. Similarly, the graphs মা ma, মী mi, মু mu, মূ mu, মৃ mri, মে me~mɛ, মৈ moj, মো mo and মৌ mow represent the same consonant ম combined with seven other vowels and two diphthongs. For example, the graph মি mi represents the consonant m followed by the vowel i, where i is represented as bd-e2bet.com/bonuses/ the diacritical allograph ি (called ই-কার i-kar) and is placed before the default consonant sign. These allographs, called কার kar, are diacritical vowel forms and cannot stand on their own.

Alternative and historic scripts

Bengali vowels are the building blocks of pronunciation. Our interactive guide helps you master each letter with proper pronunciation. The most common borrowings from foreign languages come from three types of contact. Measuring nouns in Bengali without their corresponding measure words (e.g. আট বিড়াল aṭ biṛal instead of আটটা বিড়াল aṭ-ṭa biṛal “eight cats”) would typically be considered ungrammatical. There is also the classifier -khana, and its diminutive form -khani, which attaches only to nouns denoting something flat, long, square, or thin.

Published under the imprint of Benglish Books, these are based on phonetic transliteration and closely follow spellings used in social media but for using an underline to describe soft consonants. As the spelling often doesn’t reflect the actual pronunciation, transliteration and transcription are often different. Transliteration is orthographically accurate (i.e. the original spelling can be recovered), whereas transcription is phonetically accurate (the pronunciation can be reproduced). So when these Sanskrit words re-entered the Bengali vocabulary as tatsam words, their pronunciations were modified, but their spellings were retained.